The TRAPHIC project aims to respond to the needs of integrated research on urbanism and transport with regard to the impacts of air pollution on people and buildings in historic city centres. The main objective of the project is to develop a consistent approach to assess the effects of pollution caused by urban traffic on human health and the built environment. The main result to be achieved is a decision support system intended to be used by the local administration in analyzing the potential benefits of alternative measures to mitigate the harmful effects of traffic. The project will focus on the historic centers of cities as they are areas that, due to their urban form, are especially prone to air pollution problems, where many people often walk on foot, both residents and tourists, and where generally concentrate the main monuments of a city. The harmful effects of anthropogenic air pollution are well known and are at the root of European legislation on air quality. However, despite the importance of this subject, there is little research that has specifically focused on the impact of urban traffic on people’s health. In general, existing studies do not explicitly consider mobility information and assess air quality based on a rather limited number of observations at fixed locations. Furthermore, the effect of pollution on the built environment must be taken into account. The costs of deteriorating building materials are high, and the damage to monuments has extremely negative cultural implications. For both reasons, it is urgent to investigate in an integrated way the effects of air pollution in historic centers. The work to be carried out under the TRAPHIC project aims to more precisely characterize the aforementioned effects of air pollution using a sequence of advanced models that, together, will describe in detail the relationships between the source (traffic) and the receptors ( people and buildings), and on the basis of which it is possible to accurately anticipate the impact of interventions in urban traffic on people’s health and the condition of buildings.